K-Means Cluster Analysis in PAST: A Practical Guide with Example Data
Introduction Cluster analysis is an important multivariate statistical technique used to classify observations into groups according to their similarity. Unlike […]
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Cross-Correlation Analysis in PAST: Introduction, Concept, Interpretation and Results
Introduction Cross-correlation analysis is an important statistical technique for examining the relationship between two variables when the relationship may occur
Partial Least Squares (PLS) Analysis in PAST Statistical Software
Introduction Multivariate statistical methods are useful when biological or ecological studies contain several variables measured simultaneously. In environmental and biodiversity
Autocorrelation Analysis in PAST Statistical Software | Step-by-Step Tutorial with Interpretation
Introduction Autocorrelation Analysis is a statistical technique used to determine whether observations in a dataset are correlated with their own
Creating a Simple Periodogram | Spectral Analysis Using PAST Statistical Software
Introduction Spectral analysis is a powerful statistical technique used to identify hidden periodic patterns within a time-series dataset. Rather than
Everything You Need to Know About Gamma Diversity (γ-Diversity) in Biostatistics – A Complete Guide
Introduction Biodiversity is the foundation of healthy ecosystems, providing stability, resilience, and essential ecological services. Scientists, ecologists, and biostatisticians use
Alpha Diversity (α-Diversity) in Biostatistics
Introduction Alpha diversity (α-diversity) is one of the most fundamental concepts in biostatistics, ecology, environmental science, and microbiome research. It
Beta Diversity (β-Diversity) Analysis Using PAST Statistical Software: Introduction, Concepts, Interpretation, and Ecological Applications
Introduction Biodiversity is generally studied at three hierarchical levels: alpha diversity (α-diversity), beta diversity (β-diversity), and gamma diversity (γ-diversity). While